Drying Penicillin by Sublimation

The Effects on Biological Materials of Freezing and Drying by Vacuum Sublimation

A vacuum sublimation apparatus is described which will permit, (a) the removal of water from virus suspensions at temperatures ranging down to -80 degrees C., (b) continuous operation with a minimum of attention from the investigator, (c) sealing off of samples at operating pressures (10(-5) mm. Hg), (d) simultaneous lyophilization of aliquot samples at different temperatures, (e) isolation of ...

Optimal operation of sublimation time of the freeze drying process by predictive control: Application of the MPC@CB Software

This paper presents the application of a model based predictive control strategy for the primary stage of the freeze drying process, which has not been tackled until now. A model predictive control framework is provided to minimize the sublimation time. The problem is directly addressed for the non linear distributed parameters system that describes the dynamic of the process. The mathematical ...

A sublimation heat engine

Heat engines are based on the physical realization of a thermodynamic cycle, most famously the liquid-vapour Rankine cycle used for steam engines. Here we present a sublimation heat engine, which can convert temperature differences into mechanical work via the Leidenfrost effect. Through controlled experiments, quantified by a hydrodynamic model, we show that levitating dry-ice blocks rotate on...

Graphite Sublimation Tests

Sludge Dewatering by Impulse Drying

An innovative and energy efficient sludge dewatering technology has been developed. The technology, impulse drying, involves briefly contacting the sludge under pressure with a heated surface. A unique feature of impulse drying is that the majority of moisture removal occurs as lipid water. A pilotand laboratory-scale demonstration was performed on low ash primary paper mill sludge. The pilot-s...